中国古代温泉资源分布及其空间演化     

何小芊  龚胜生 《热带地理》2013,33(4):407-413

以历代地理总志、正史地理志、地方志以及类书等所记载的温泉为数据来源,统计秦至南北朝、隋唐宋和明清时期温泉资源的数量,运用ArcGIS软件对温泉资源空间分布情况进行分析。结果表明：秦至南北朝时期的温泉共有47处,集中分布在黄河中游、晋东北与冀西交界区、长江中游、湘南粤北地区;隋唐宋时期的温泉有108处,主要分布在经济较发达区域,且分布重心南移;明清时期的温泉有419处,遍布全国,已基本与温泉客观分布地重合,且主要集中在山地丘陵地带。古代温泉资源的空间演化规律为：分布地由中原向四周扩展,分布重心东移南迁,南北、东西差异逐渐扩大。自然环境、社会需求、区域发展过程等是影响温泉资源空间分布变化的主要因素。  相似文献   

Discriminating the long distance dispersal of fine ash from sustained columns or near ground ash clouds: The example of the Pomici di Avellino eruption (Somma-Vesuvius,Italy)     

Roberto Sulpizio  Rosanna Bonasia  Pierfrancesco Dellino  Mauro A. Di Vito  Luigi La Volpe  Daniela Mele  Giovanni Zanchetta  Laura Sadori 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Ash samples from tephra layers correlated with the Pomici di Avellino (Avellino Pumice) eruption of Somma-Vesuvius were collected in distal archives and their composition and particle morphology investigated in order to infer their behaviour of transportation and deposition. Differences in composition and particle morphologies were recognised for ash particles belonging to the magmatic Plinian and final phreatomagmatic phases of the eruption. The ash particles were dispersed in opposite directions during the two different phases of the eruption, and these directions are also different from that of coarse-grained fallout deposits. In particular, ash generated during magmatic phase and injected in the atmosphere to form a sustained column shows a prevailing SE dispersion, while ash particles generated during the final phreatomagmatic phase and carried by pyroclastic density currents show a general NW dispersion. These opposite dispersions indicate an ash dispersal influenced by both high and low atmosphere dynamics. In particular, the magmatic ash dispersal was first driven by stratospheric wind towards NE and then the falling particles encountered a variable wind field during their settling, which produced the observed preferential SE dispersal. The wind field encountered by the rising ash clouds that accompanied the pyroclastic density currents of the final phreatomagmatic phase was different with respect to that encountered by the magmatic ash, and produced a NW dispersal. These data demonstrate how ash transportation and deposition are greatly influenced by both high and low atmosphere dynamics. In particular, fine-grained particles transported in ash clouds of small-scale pyroclastic density currents may be dispersed over distances and cover areas comparable with those injected into the stratosphere by Plinian, sustained columns. This is a point not completely addressed by present day mitigation plans in case of renewal of activity at Somma-Vesuvius, and can yield important information also for other volcanoes potentially characterised by explosive activity.  相似文献   

Reconstruction and analysis of sub-plinian tephra dispersal during the 1530 A.D. Soufrière (Guadeloupe) eruption: Implications for scenario definition and hazards assessment     

J.-C. Komorowski  Y. Legendre  B. CaronG. Boudon 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

The last magmatic eruption of Soufrière of Guadeloupe dated at 1530 A.D. (Soufrière eruption) is characterized by an onset with a partial flank-collapse and emplacement of a debris-avalanche that was followed by a sub-plinian VEI 2–3 explosive short-lived eruption (Phase-1) with a column that reached a height between 9 and 12 km producing about 3.9 × 10⁶ m³ DRE (16.3 × 10⁶ m³ bulk) of juvenile products. The column recurrently collapsed generating scoriaceous pyroclastic flows in radiating valleys up to a distance of 5–6 km with a maximum interpolated bulk deposit volume of 11.7 × 10⁶ m³ (5 × 10⁶ m³ DRE). We have used HAZMAP, a numerical simple first-order model of tephra dispersal [Macedonio, G., Costa, A., Longo, A., 2005. A computer model for volcanic ash fallout and assessment of subsequent hazard. Comput. Geosci. 31, 837–845] to reconstruct to a first approximation the potential dispersal of tephra and associated tephra mass loadings generated by the sub-plinian Phase 1 of the 1530 A.D. eruption. We have tested our model on a deterministic average dry season wind profile that best-fits the available data as well as on a set of randomly selected wind profiles over a 5 year interval that allows the elaboration of probabilistic maps for the exceedance of specific tephra mass load thresholds. Results show that in the hypothesis of a future 1530 A.D. scenario, populated areas to a distance of 3–4 km west–southwest of the vent could be subjected to a static load pressure between 2 and 10 kPa in case of wet tephra, susceptible to cause variable degrees of roof damage. Our results provide volcanological input parameters for scenario and event-tree definition, for assessing volcanic risks and evaluating their impact in case of a future sub-plinian eruption which could affect up to 70 000 people in southern Basse-Terre island and the region. They also provide a framework to aid decision-making concerning land management and development. A sub-plinian eruption is the most likely magmatic scenario in case of a future eruption of this volcano which has shown, since 1992, increasing signs of low-energy seismic, thermal, and acid degassing unrest without significant deformation.  相似文献   

卫星应用技术在地学研究中的发展现状   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

韩露  贾正元 《地球物理学进展》2008,23(3):922-928

卫星应用技术与地学研究很早就存在密切的联系,从最初单一的遥感应用发展到包含遥感(RS)、地理信息技术(GIS)、全球定位系统(GPS)等多种技术在内的空间信息技术,卫星应用技术促进了地学理论研究和定性、定量的分析验证,加速了地球科学的发展.本文综述了近年来地学领域卫星应用技术的主要方向和现状.  相似文献   

The AD 1362 Öræfajökull eruption,S.E. Iceland: Physical volcanology and volatile release     

Kirti Sharma  Stephen Self  Stephen Blake  Thorvaldur Thordarson  Gudrun Larsen 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

The explosive rhyolitic eruption of Öræfajökull volcano, Iceland, in AD 1362 is described and interpreted based on the sequence of pyroclastic fall and flow deposits at 10 proximal locations around the south side of the volcano. Öræfajökull is an ice-clad stratovolcano in south central Iceland which has an ice-filled caldera (4–5 km diameter) of uncertain origin. The main phase of the eruption took place over a few days in June and proceeded in three main phases that produced widely dispersed fallout deposits and a pyroclastic flow deposit. An initial phase of phreatomagmatic eruptive activity produced a volumetrically minor, coarse ash fall deposit (unit A) with a bi-lobate dispersal. This was followed by a second phreatomagmatic, possibly phreatoplinian, phase that deposited more fine ash beds (unit B), dispersed to the SSE. Phases A and B were followed by an intense, climactic Plinian phase that lasted ∼ 8–12 h and produced unit C, a coarse-lapilli, pumice-clast-dominated fall deposit in the proximal region. At the end of Plinian activity, pyroclastic flows formed a poorly-sorted deposit, unit D, presently of very limited thickness and exposed distribution. Much of Eastern Iceland is covered with a very fine distal ash layer, dispersed to the NE. This was probably deposited from an umbrella cloud and is the distal representation of the Plinian fallout. A total bulk fall deposit volume of ∼ 2.3 km³ is calculated (∼ 1.2 km³ DRE). Pyroclastic flow deposit volumes have been crudely estimated to be < 0.1 km³. Maximum clast size data interpreted by 1-D models suggests an eruption column ∼ 30 km high and mass discharge rates of ∼ 10⁸ kg s^− 1. Ash fall may have taken place from heights around 15 km, above the local tropopause (∼ 10 km), with coarser clasts dispersed below that under a different wind regime. Analyses of glass inclusions and matrix glasses suggest that the syn-eruptive SO₂ release was only ∼ 1 Mt. This result is supported by published Greenland ice-core acidity peak data that also suggest very minor sulphate deposition and thus SO₂ release. The small sulphur release reflects the low sulphur solubility in the 1362 rhyolitic melt. The low tropopause over Iceland and the 30-km-high eruption column certainly led to stratospheric injection of gas and ash but little sulphate aerosol was generated. Moreover, pre-eruptive and degassed halogen concentrations (Cl, F) indicate that these volatiles were not efficiently released during the eruption. Besides the local pyroclastic flow (and related lahar) hazard, the impact of the Öræfajökull 1362 eruption was perhaps restricted to widespread ash fall across Eastern Iceland and parts of northern Europe.  相似文献   

空间信息要素模型可视化的设计模式与应用     

刘碧龙赵春江  吴华瑞 《地球信息科学学报》2004,6(4):117-120

GIS系统的实现是一个相当复杂的过程,分层次模块化的方法被广泛采用,同时应用设计模式更加简单方便地重复使用成功的设计和体系结构,更有利于GIS系统的开发和重构。本文通过对描述地理信息系统空间信息模型中要素模型的几何体结构分析,充分运用和组合各种设计模式,在要素可视化设计和实现中,探讨要素组织采用组合模式与访问者模式相结合的形式,实现异构几何体的聚集访问;要素可视化的实现总体上采用合成模式与绘制采用策略模式相结合的形式,实现要素与绘制的有机分离及各种绘制形式的充分支持。这种结构的好处在于不但能很方便地实现Open GIS中有关要素几何体的抽象规范和相应的实现规范,而且能使系统结构清晰、模块分明,组织自然,有利于系统的开发、维护和扩展。  相似文献   

自然地理要素空间插值的几个问题   总被引：77，自引：8，他引：69  

朱会义  刘述林  贾绍凤 《地理研究》2004,23(4):425-432

资源管理、灾害管理、生态环境治理以及全球变化研究的需要强化了部分自然地理要素空间插值研究的重要性。这些要素空间插值的核心是建立充分逼近要素空间分布特征的函数方程。对于给定的区域与要素样本值 ,插值函数可以有多种模型形式。各类模型的精度受其理论基础、模型算法、时空尺度效应、样本数据属性等因素的综合影响。通过对国际主要插值研究成果进行分析 ,文章认为各类模型插值精度的差异缘于模型对插值要素空间变异性与空间相关性的反映 ,具体应用中 ,只有对已知样本数据进行变异性与相关性分析才能选出适当的插值方法。  相似文献   

产业地理集中研究进展   总被引：21，自引：4，他引：17  

贺灿飞  刘洋 《地理科学进展》2006,25(2):59-69

相关企业的地理集中有利于降低市场风险和交易成本,有利于推动创新和市场竞争,也能够共享劳动力市场和基础设施,产业地理集中与产业和城市竞争力密切相关。90年代以来产业地理集中成为经济学和地理学的热点课题。文章综述了产业区位论、贸易理论以及集聚理论对产业地理集中的解释,并对国内外关于产业地理集中的实证研究进行了总结,集中讨论了资源投入、市场需求、企业规模、外部经济、产业联系以及区域经济一体化等对产业地理集中的影响,揭示了产业地理集中的微观机制。  相似文献   

散乱数据插值的HASM方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋敦江  岳天祥  龚云  杜正平 《地球信息科学学报》2007,9(3):45-51

本文运用高精度曲面建模(HASM)方法,研究了空间散乱数据插值算法,并以陕西咸阳彬县大佛寺煤矿区的实测数据为案例,使用交叉统计检验方法比较分析HASM方法与地理信息系统(GIS)领域中常用传统插值方法的空间插值结果。结果表明,HASM方法具有较高的精度。本文还分析了传统常用插值方法的一些统计结果,得出一些结论,这些结论对于使用常用传统GIS空间插值方法的研究者有很好的参考作用。  相似文献   

基于WebGIS定制平台的开发与应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李安波  闾国年  孙小燕  黄丙湖  孙亚琴 《地球信息科学学报》2007,9(4):57-63

基于柔性设计、定制及框架技术,形成应用型WebGIS定制平台的概念及框架,提炼了平台的高柔性、多粒度功能复用、充分可定制三大特点,进行了数据定制与配置、界面定制与配置、功能定制与配置等功能的研究与设计。基于WebGIS定制平台的开发与应用实践证明:该开发模式实现了多个WebGIS应用系统的敏捷开发,较好地支持了数据共享、功能复用与界面的一致性。  相似文献